Science-based Forest Design

Authors

  • Klaus von Gadow University of Göttingen, Germany
  • Chun Yu Zhang Beijing Forestry University, China
  • Xiu Hai Zhao Beijing Forestry University, China

Keywords:

Forest Design, Harvest Event Analysis, Research and Demonstration

Abstract

Approximately 3000 million ha of the world’s forests have been classified as productive, and are subject to some kind of management. Considering their environmental and social importance, the managed forest ecosystems are not receiving as much scientific attention as the few remaining unmanaged ones. This is especially true in the growing urban landscapes where managed forest ecosystems provide a range of important services. Most societies today demand integrated and wide-ranging approaches to forest management that address social, ecological, and economic goals. These demands can be met if simplistic philosophies and unverified doctrines are replaced by new paradigms that require a wider understanding of social demands and natural system dynamics. In theory, involving science directly in the management of a wooded ecosystem appears to be logical, but the practical implementation of this idea is not a trivial task. This paper presents a theoretical framework for the science-based management of a forested landscape that includes three key elements: forest design, research and demonstration and harvest event analysis. This framework is introduced, explained by means of examples, and supported by concrete evidence. The paper is based on an updated version of Gadow (2005), and it is not intended as a manifest, but as a contribution to a much-needed discussion about forest management as a scientific discipline. MCFNS-1:14-25.

Author Biographies

  • Klaus von Gadow, University of Göttingen, Germany
    Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Fakultät für Forstwissenschaften und Waldökologie Burckhardt-Institut, Abteilung Waldinventur und Fernerkundung Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen
  • Chun Yu Zhang, Beijing Forestry University, China
    Scientist Department of Forest Management Beijing Forestry University
  • Xiu Hai Zhao, Beijing Forestry University, China
    ProfessorDepartment of Forest ManagementBeijing Forestry University

References

Albert, M. 1999. Analyse der eingriffsbedingten Strukturveränderung und Durchforstungsmodellierung in Mischbeständen. Dissertation, Institut für Waldinventur und Waldwachstum, University Göttingen. Hainholz-Publishers, Vol. 6: 201 S.

Albert, M. 2002. Zur Prognose der Z-Baum-Auswahl in Mischbeständen - ein regelbasierter Algorithmus für waldbauliche Prognose- und Entscheidungsmodelle. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, 173 S.

Albert, M. 2004. Modifikationen des BAL-Konkurrenzindex zur Prognose des Durchmesserzuwachses in Mischbeständen. Annual meeting of the German growth and yield research group in Schlägl.

Bettinger, P., J. Sessions, and K. Boston. 1997. Using tabu search to schedule timber harvests subject to spatial wildlife goals for big game. Ecol. Modell. 94: 111-123.

Bettinger, P., and W. Chung. 2004. The key literature of, and trends in, forest-level management planning in North America, 1950-2001. The International Forestry Review. 6: 40-50.

Bettinger, P., and Y.H. Kim. 2008. Spatial optimisation - computational methods. P. 107-136 in Designing Green Landscapes, Gadow, K.v and T Pukkala (Eds.). Vol. 15 of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems, Springer, Dordrecht.

Bradshaw, H.W., B.H. Holmquist, S.A Cowling, and M.T. Sykes. 2000. The effect of climate change on the distribution and management of Picea abies in Southern Scandinavia. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1992-1998.

Bravo, F., V. LeMay, R. Jandl, and K. v. Gadow. 2008 (Eds.). Managing forest ecosystems - the challenges of climate change. Vol. 17 of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems, Springer, Dordrecht.

Bungartz, O. 2004. Eine Risikokultur schaffen. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung v. 6. 9. S. 22.

Chen, B.W, K. v. Gadow. 2002. Timber harvest planning with spatial objectives using the method of simulated annealing. Forstwiss. Centralblatt 121: 25-34.

Cieszewski, C.J. 2002. Comparing fixed- and variable-base-age site equations having single versus multiple asymptotes. For. Sci. 48(10): 7-23.

Cieszewski, C.J. 2003. Developing a well-behaved dynamic site equation using a modified Hossfeld IV function Y3 = axm/(c+xm1), a simplified mixed-model and scant subalpine fir data. For. Sci. 49(4): 539-554.

Cieszewski, C.J., K. Iles, R.C. Lowe, and M. Zasada. 2004a. Proof of concept for an approach to a finer resolution inventory. P. 67-74 in Proceedings of the 5th Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium. McRoberts et al. (Eds). USDA For. Ser. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-69. Washington, DC.

Cieszewski, C.J., M. Zasada, B.E. Borders, R.C. Lowe, J. Zawadzki, M.L. Clutter, and R.F. Daniels. 2004b. Spatially explicit sustainability analysis of long-term fiber supply in Georgia, USA. For. Eco. Man. 187(2-3): 345-359.

Clutter, J.L. 1968. MAX-MILLION - a computerized forest management planning system. School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Georgia, Athens GA, USA.

Corral R.J., G.J. Álvarez, G.A. Ruíz, and K.v. Gadow. 2004. Compatible height and site index models for five pine species in El Salto, Durango (Mexico). For. Eco. Man. 201: 145-160.

Daume, S., K. Füldner, and K. v. Gadow. 1998. Zur Modellierung personenspezifischer Durchforstungen in ungleichaltrigen Mischbeständen. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 169(2): 21-26.

Forss, E., K. v. Gadow, S. Saborowski. 1996. Growth models for unthinned Acacia mangium plantations in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. Trop. For. Sci. 8(4): 449-462.

Füldner, K., S. Sattler, W. Zucchini, and K. v. Gadow. 1996. Modellierung personenabhängiger Auswahlwahrscheinlichkeiten bei der Durchforstung. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 167(8): 159-162.

Gadow, K. v., and B.V. Bredenkamp. 1992. Forest Management. Academica Press, Pretoria. 151 p.

Gadow, K. v., and G. Y. Hui, 1998. Modelling thinnings in even-aged plantation forests. Plant Research and Development 47/48: 98-107.

Gadow, K. v. 1984. The relationship between diameter and diameter increment in Pinus patula. In Grey, D. C., Schonau, A. P. G., Schutz, C.J. and van Laar, A. (Eds). IUFRO Symposium on Site and Productivity of Fast Growing Plantations, Pretoria and Pietermaritzburgh, South Africa, April 1994. South African Forest Research Institute. Vol. 2, P.741-751.

Gadow, K. v. 2005. Science-based forest design and analysis. P. 1-19 in Proc. FORCOM 2004. Japan Society of Forest Planning Press. Utsonomiya University.

Gadow, K. v., and T. Pukkala. 2008 (Eds.). Designing green landscapes. Vol. 15 of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems. Springer Verlag, Dordrecht. 301 p.

García, O. 1984. New class of growth models for even-aged stands: Pinus radiata in Golden Downs Forest. New Zealand J. For. Sci. 14: 65-88.

García, O. 1991. Linear programming and related approaches in forest planning. New Zealand J. For. Sci. 20 (3): 307-331.

Gregorius, H.R., E. M. Gillet, and M. Ziehe, 2003. Measuring differences of trait distributions between populations. Biometrical Journal 45(8): 959-973.

Gurjanov, M., S. Sánchez-Orois, and J. Schröder. 2000. Grundflächenmodelle für gleichaltrige Fichtenreinbestände - Eine vergleichende Analyse. Centralblatt für das gesamte Forstwesen. 117. Jahrgang. Heft 3/4, S.187-198.

Hessenmöller, D., and A.S. Elsenhans. 2002. Zur Schätzung des Zuwachses bei Rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica L.). Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 173 J, (11/12): 216-222.

Hessenmöller, D. 2002. Modelle zur Wachstums- und Durchforstungssimulation im Göttinger Kalkbuchenwald. Dissertation, Institut für Waldinventur und Waldwachstum, University Göttingen. 134 S.

Hessenmöller, D., G. Lüdemann, J. Nagel, and K. v. Gadow, 2001. Untersuchungen zum potentiellen Wachstum der Douglasie in Nordwestdeutschland. Forst & Holz 56 (12): 366-369.

Hinrichs, L., 2006: Automatisierte Generierung von Behandlungspfaden für Mischbestände. Allgemeine Forst- u. Jagdzeitung 177 (5): 77-85.

Hui, G.Y. and K. v. Gadow. 1993. Zur Modellierung der Bestandesgrundflächenentwicklung, dargestellt am Beispiel der Baumart Cunninhamia lanceolata. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 164(8): 144.

Hui, G. Y. 1997. Wuchsmodelle für die Baumart Cunninghamina lanceolata. Dissertation, Institut für Waldinventur und Waldwachstum, University Göttingen: 138 p.

Kilkki, P. and M. Siitonen. 1976. Principles of a forest information system. P. 154-163 in Proceedings of IUFRO XVI World Congress, Division IV.

Kramer, H. 1994. Untersuchungen über den Wachstumsgang von Einzelbäumen in ungleichalten Mischbeständen mit Hilfe der Stammanalyse. Forst und Holz 283-287.

Kramer, H. 1988. Waldwachstumslehre. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin. 374 S.

Lappi, J. 1992. JLP: a linear programming package for management planning. The Finnish Forest Research Institute. Research Papers 414.

Lee, W.-K, K. v. Gadow, D.-J. Chung, and J.-L. Lee. 2004. Individual tree dbh-growth in Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis mixed stands in central Korea. Ecol. Modell. 176: 187-200.

Lee, W.K, and K. v. Gadow. 1997. Iterative Bestimmung der Konkurrenzbäume in Pinus densiflora Beständen. AFJZ 168(3/4): 41-45.

Li R.Q., Z.D. Chen, A.M. Lu, D.E. Soltis, P.S. Soltis, and P.S. Manos. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships in Fagales based on DNA sequences from three genomes. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165(2): 311-324.

Lindner, M. 2000. Developing adaptive forest management strategies to cope with climate change. Tree Physiology 20: 299-307.

Liu, S., C.J. Cieszewski, R.C. Lowe and M. Zasada, 2009: Sensitivity analysis on long-term fiber supply simulations in Georgia. SJAF. [In Press].

Lowe, T., C.J. Cieszewski, M. Zasada, and J. Zawadzki, 2003: Distributing FIA inventory information onto segmented Landsat Thematic Mapper images stratified with industrial ground data. P. 111-116 in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium. McRoberts et al. (Eds.). USDA For. Ser. North Central Research Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC252.

Marell, A., and E. Leitgeb, 2004. European long-term research for sustainable forestry. www.enfors.org. Appendix MC4-8a.

Meng, Q., C.J. Cieszewski, and M. Madden. 2009. Large area forest inventory using Landsat ETM+: a geostatistical approach. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. In Press.

Murray, D.M., and K. v. Gadow. 1993. A flexible yield model for regional timber forecasting. SJAF 17(3): 112-115.

Nöllenheidt, D. 2000. Untersuchungen zur Konzeption von Weiserflächen. Dipl. thesis, Univ. Göttingen: 83 p.

Öhman, K., and L.O. Eriksson. 1999. Creating continuous areas of old forest in long-term forest planning. Can. J. For. Res. 30:1917-1823.

Park, T.S. 1990. Republic of Korea. P. 231-246 in Forestry Resources Management Report of the APO Symposium on Forestry Resources Management. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.

Pretzsch, H. 2001. Modellierung des Waldwachstums. Parey Buchverlag Berlin: 341 S.

Pukkala, T. 2008. Integrating multiple services in the numerical analysis. In Designing Green Landscapes. Gadow, K. v., and T. Pukkala (Eds.). Vol. 15 of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems. Springer, Dordrecht: p. 137-170.

Räisänen, J., U. Hansson, A. Ullerstig, R. Döscher, L.P. Graham, C. Jones, M. Meier, P. Samuelsson, and U. Willén. 2004. European climate in the 21st century regional simulations with two driving global models and two forcing scenarios. Climate Dynamics 22: 13-31.

Redfern, D., and S. Hendry. 2002. Climate change and damage to trees caused by extremes of temperature. Forestry Commission Bulletin, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, No. 125: 29-39.

Redsven, V., A. Anola-Pukkila, A. Haara, H. Hirvelä, K. Härkönen, L. Kettunen, A. Kiiskinen, L. Kärkkäinen, R. Lempinen, E. Muinonen, T. Nuutinen, O. Salminen, and M. Siitonen. 2004. MELA 2002 Reference Manual (2nd edition). The Finnish Forest Research Institute. 606 p.

Reed, W.J., and D. Errico. 1985. Assessing the long-run yield of a forest stand subject to the risk of fire. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 680-687.

Reed, W.J., and D. Errico. 1986. Optimal harvest scheduling at the forest level in the presence of the risk of fire. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 266-278.

Ritchie, M.W. 1999. A compendium of forest growth and yield simulators for the Pacific coast states. USDA For. Ser. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-174. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany CA. 59 p.

Roschak, C., 1998. Schnellwuchsuntersuchung Lensahn - Eine Untersuchung zur Bedeutung schnellwachsender Baumarten im naturnahen Waldbau. Project report, for Gesellschaft zur Förderung schnellwachsender Baumarten in Norddeutschland e.V.: 37 p.

Sánchez-Orois, S., H. Kotzé, and J. Corral-Rivas. 2003. Ein kompatibles Modell für die Fortschreibung von Durchmesserverteilungen. Annual meetings band des deutschen Verbandes Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten, Sektion Ertragskunde. S.243-255.

Sánchez-Orois, S., M. Gurjanov, and J. Schröder. 2001. Analyse des Grundflächenzuwachses gleichaltriger Fichtenreinbestände. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, 172, 3, S. 51-59.

Schmidt, M. 2001. Prognosemodelle für ausgewählte Holzqualitätsmerkmale wichtiger Baumarten. Dissertation, Institut für Waldinventur und Waldwachstum, University Göttingen. 302 S.

Schröder, J, and K. v. Gadow. 1999. Testing a new competition index for Maritime pine in Northwestern Spain. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 280-283.

Schröder, J., R. Rodríguez, and G. Vega-Alonso. 2002. An age-independent basal area increment model for Maritime pine trees in Northwestern Spain. For. Eco. Man. 157: 55-64.

Schübeler, Dirk. 1997. Untersuchungen zur standortabhängigen Wachstumsmodellierung bei der Fichte. Dissertation, Institut für Waldinventur und Waldwachstum, University Göttingen: 183 p.

Shaver, G.R., J. Canadell, F.S. Chapin III, J. Gurevitch, J. Harte, G. Henry, P. Ineson, S. Jonasson, J. Mellilo, L. Pitelka, and L. Rustad. 2000. Global warming and terrestrial ecosystems - a conceptual framework for analysis. Bioscience 50(10): 871-882.

Siitonen, M., K. Härkönen, H. Hirvelä, J. Jämsä, H. Kilpeläinen, O. Salminen and M. Teuri. 1996. MELA Handbook - 1996 Edition. The Finnish Forest Research Institute. Research Papers 622. 452 p.

Solberg, B. (ed.). 1996. Long-term trends and prospects in wood supply and demand for wood and implications for sustainable forest management. EFI research report No. 6. 106 p.

Staupendahl, K., 1998: Zur Modellierung der durchforstungsbedingten Änderung der Durchmesserverteilung von Fichtenreinbeständen. In: Kenk, G. (Ed.): Proceedings of the annual meeting of the German growth and yield research group in Kevelaer, 25.-27. May 1998: 116-127.

Sterba, H. 1990. Validitätsprüfung des Einzelbaumsimulators für Fichten-Kiefern-Mischbestände. Tagungsbericht. Dt. Verb. Forstl. Forschungsanstalten - Sektion Ertragskunde 101-117.

Stüber, V. 1996. Analyse der Versuchsflächenbehandlung und Einzelbaumentwicklung am Beispiel des Lärchen-Provenienzversuches Escherode. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 167(1/2): 28-34.

Temesgen, H, and K. v. Gadow. 2004. Generalized height-diameter models. European Journal of Forest Research 123: 45-51.

Tewari, V.P. and Gadow, K. v., 2008: Modelling potential density limiting survival, stand density and basal area growth for pure even-aged Dalbergia sissoo stands in a hot arid region of India. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2008, Vol. 18, pp. 133-150.

Thomasius, H. 1988. Stabilität natürlicher und künstlicher Waldökosysteme sowie deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch forstliche Maßnahmen. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung No. 43: 1037-1043.

Trincado, G. V., P.R Quezada, and K. v. Gadow, 2003. A comparison of two stand table projection methods for young Eucalyptus nitens (Maiden) plantations in Chile. For. Eco. Man. 180: 443-451.

Türker, M.F. 2007. Importance of the Turkish forestry sector in the national economy: an input-output analysis. P. 190-194 in Cross-Sectoral Policy Developments in Forestry. Y.C. Dubé and F. Schmithüsen (Eds.). CABI, Oxfordshire, UK.

United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 1992. Internationally agreed glossary of basic terms related to disaster management. [Bib Z-32] DHA/93/36. IDNDR 1990-2000. DHA-Geneva - December 1992. Pp. 83. Accessed online at on Jan. 6, 2009.

Van Laar, A., M. Rois Diaz, and K. v. Gadow. 2003. Zum Jugendwachstum in einem Buchenmischbestand. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 174(7): 131-136.

Vilčko, F., S. Sánchez, and L. Hinrichs. 2003. Analyse von Managementoptionen für einen Buchenbestand. Projektbericht für die Landesforstverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, 51 S.

Waldherr, M. 1997. Risikoverluste und Erntealter. AFZ/Der Wald 206-207.

Ware, G.O, Clutter, J.L. 1971. A mathematical programming system for the management of industrial forests. For. Sci. 17(4): 428-445.

Wenk, G., V. Antanaitis, and S. Smelko. 1990. Waldertragslehre. Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag. Berlin: 448 S.

Westphal, B. 1997: Beschreibung und Modellierung des Wachstums von Japanlärchen. Dissertation, Institut für Waldinventur und Waldwachstum, University Göttingen: 143 p.

Yoshimoto, A. 2001. Risk analysis in the context of timber harvest planning. In Gadow, K. v. (ed.): Risk Analysis in Forest Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers: 113-147.

Zucchini, W, K. v. Gadow. 1995. Two indices of agreement among foresters selecting trees for thinning. Forest and Landscape Research 1: 199-206.

Zeide, B. 2001. Resolving contradictions in forestry: back to science. The Forestry Chronicle 77(6): 973-981.

Downloads

Published

2009-02-02

Issue

Section

Biomass Supply and Sustainability Analysis

How to Cite

Science-based Forest Design. (2009). Mathematical and Computational Forestry & Natural-Resource Sciences (MCFNS), 1(1), Pages: 14-25 (12). https://www.tmp.17921125833755a190e36a5857.temporary.link/index.php/Journal/article/view/MCFNS.1-14

Similar Articles

1-10 of 90

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)